Close Search
Round Separator
Menu Search Death Penalty Information Center
  • About
    • Staff & Board of Directors
    • About Us
    • DPIC in the Media
    • DPIC Testimony
    • Press Releases
    • Work for DPIC
  • For the Media
  • Resources
    • Publications & Testimony
    • Related Websites
    • DPIC Podcasts
    • DPIC Reports
    • New Voices
    • En Español
  • For Educators
  • Fact Sheet
  • Donate
  • Email
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
Home
  • Policy Issues
    • Arbitrariness
    • Costs
    • Deterrence
    • Human Rights
    • Innocence
    • Intellectual Disability
    • International
    • Juveniles
    • Mental Illness
    • Prosecutorial Accountability
    • Race
    • Representation
    • Sentencing Alternatives
    • Victims' Families
  • Facts & Research
    • Fact Sheet
    • Death Penalty Census
    • Clemency
    • Crimes Punishable by Death
    • DPIC Reports
    • History of the Death Penalty
    • Innocence Database
    • Murder Rates
    • Public Opinion
    • Recent Legislative Activity
    • Religion
    • Sentencing Data
    • Student Research Center
    • United States Supreme Court
  • Executions
    • Executions Overview
    • Upcoming Executions
    • Execution Database
    • Methods of Execution
    • Botched Executions
    • Lethal Injection
  • Death Row
    • Death Row Overview
    • Conditions on Death Row
    • Foreign Nationals
    • Native Americans
    • Time on Death Row
    • Women
  • State & Federal Info
    • State by State
    • Federal Death Penalty
    • Military
  • Home
  • Policy Issues
    • Arbitrariness
    • Costs
    • Deterrence
    • Human Rights
    • Innocence
    • Intellectual Disability
    • International
    • Juveniles
    • Mental Illness
    • Prosecutorial Accountability
    • Race
    • Representation
    • Sentencing Alternatives
    • Victims' Families
  • Facts & Research
    • Fact Sheet
    • Death Penalty Census
    • Clemency
    • Crimes Punishable by Death
    • DPIC Reports
    • History of the Death Penalty
    • Innocence Database
    • Murder Rates
    • Public Opinion
    • Recent Legislative Activity
    • Religion
    • Sentencing Data
    • Student Research Center
    • United States Supreme Court
  • Executions
    • Executions Overview
    • Upcoming Executions
    • Execution Database
    • Methods of Execution
    • Botched Executions
    • Lethal Injection
  • Death Row
    • Death Row Overview
    • Conditions on Death Row
    • Foreign Nationals
    • Native Americans
    • Time on Death Row
    • Women
  • State & Federal Info
    • State by State
    • Federal Death Penalty
    • Military
  • About
    • Staff & Board of Directors
    • About Us
    • DPIC in the Media
    • DPIC Testimony
    • Press Releases
    • Work for DPIC
  • For the Media
  • Resources
    • Publications & Testimony
    • Related Websites
    • DPIC Podcasts
    • DPIC Reports
    • New Voices
    • En Español
  • For Educators
  • Fact Sheet
  • Donate

State And Federal Info

Oklahoma

History of the Death Penalty

Oklahoma had a question on the November 2016 ballot concerning “constitutionalizing” the state’s death penalty and removing the authority of the state courts to declare it to constitute cruel and unusual punishment or a violation of any provision of the state constitution. The measure passed, 66% - 34%. For more on the ballot question, see Ballotpedia, Oklahoma Death Penalty, State Question 776 (2016).

Oklahoma’s recent history with capital punishment has been characterized by botched executions. In April 2014, Oklahoma botched the execution of Clayton Lockett, failing for 51 minutes to set an intravenous execution line and then misplacing the line in Lockett’s groin, injecting the drugs into the surrounding subcutaneous tissue. With Lockett writhing on the gurney in a pool of blood, the execution was called off but 43 minutes after the drugs were first administered, he died. The state then called off the execution of Charles Warner also scheduled for that day.

Oklahoma then rescheduled Warner’s execution for January 2015. Media witnesses reported that Warner had said during his execution, “It feels like acid,” and “My body is on fire.” It was later discovered that the state had obtained and used an unauthorized drug, potassium acetate, as the third drug in carrying out Warner’s execution. The state’s execution protocol called for the use of potassium chloride.

The state was scheduled to execute Richard Glossip on September 30, 2015, but then-Governor Mary Fallin called off his execution at the last minute after being informed that the Oklahoma Department of Corrections (ODOC) had again received the wrong third drug in the state’s lethal-injection protocol. It was later revealed that the state had known for months before the aborted attempt to execute Glossip that it had used the same unauthorized drug to execute Warner.

After a grand jury investigation and a representation by state prosecutors in a federal lawsuit that they would not resume executions until legal issues surrounding Oklahoma’s execution protocol were resolved, the state resumed executions in October 2021. Reneging on its promise to the federal court, the state scheduled seven executions over a five month period between October 2021 and March 2022 even though a federal trial on the constitutionality of its three-drug midazolam-based protocol was scheduled for February 2022. On October 28, 2021, the state botched the execution of John Grant. Media eyewitnesses reported that Grant suffered repeated full-body convulsions and vomited over a nearly 15-minute period after the midazolam was administered. An ODOC spokesman issued a statement saying that the execution “was carried out in accordance with Oklahoma Department of Corrections’ protocols and without complication.” The state announced its intention to carry out the remaining executions without any changes in the protocol.

Notable Cases

In Thompson v. Oklahoma (1988), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that executions of offenders age fifteen and younger at the time of their crimes are unconstitutional.

Notable Exonerations

Curtis McCarty was released in May 2007 after District Court Judge Twyla Mason Gray ordered that the charges against him be dismissed. McCarty had spent the last 22 years behind bars for the murder of a police officer’s daughter in 1982. Judge Gray ruled that the case against McCarty was tainted by the questionable testimony of former police chemist Joyce Gilchrist, who gave improper expert testimony about semen and hair evidence during McCarty’s trial. Gilchrist falsely testified that hairs and other biological evidence showed that McCarty could have been the killer. In Gilchrist’s original notes, she said that hairs from the crime scene did not match McCarty. She then changed her notes to say the hairs did match him. When the defense requested retesting, the hairs were lost. A judge has said Gilchrist either destroyed or willfully lost the hairs. DNA testing in recent years has also shown that another person raped the victim.

Clifford Henry Bowen was incarcerated in the Oklahoma State Penitentiary under three death sentences for over five years before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit overturned his conviction in 1986. The Court held that prosecutors in the case failed to disclose information about another suspect, Lee Crowe, and that had the defense known of the Crowe materials, the result of the trial would probably have been different. Crowe resembled Bowen, had greater motive, no alibi, and habitually carried the same gun and unusual ammunition as the murder weapon. Bowen, on the other hand, maintained his innocence, provided twelve alibi witnesses to confirm that he was 300 miles from the crime scene just one hour prior to the crime, and could not be linked by any physical evidence to the crime.

Eight other death row inmates have also been exonerated in Oklahoma.

Notable Commutations/Clemencies

Governor Lee Cruce commuted every death sentence imposed during his administration (1911-1915).

Phillip Dewitt Smith’s death sentence was commuted in 2001 by Gov. Francis A. Keating due to doubts about Smith’s guilt.

Governor Brad Henry commuted the death sentence of Osvaldo Torres to life without parole on May 13, 2004. Henry said that it was “important to remember that the actual shooter in these horrific murders was also sentenced to death and faces execution.” Henry also stated that he “concluded that there is a possibility a significant miscarriage of justice occurred… specifically that the violation of his Vienna Convention rights contributed to trial counsel’s ineffectiveness, that the jury did not hear significant evidence, and that the result of the trial is unreliable.” Henry’s decision followed a recommendation for clemency by the Pardon and Parole Board and a stay granted by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals. The International Court of Justice had ruled that the Vienna Convention rights of Torres and 50 other Mexican nationals on America’s death rows were violated. Under the Vienna Convention, foreign citizens arrested in the United States are entitled to contact their consulate for assistance.

Following the recommendation of the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board, Gov. Brad Henry granted clemency to Kevin Young in 2008, commuting his death sentence to life in prison without the possibility of parole. The Board’s recommendation of clemency was based on several factors, including the disproportionality of the punishment, questionable witnesses, and a decision during the original trial to turn down a plea bargain that would have resulted in a life sentence.

In 2010, Governor Brad Henry commuted the sentence of Richard Tandy Smith to life without the possibility of parole as recommended by the State Pardon and Parole Board. Life without parole was not available at the time of Smith’s sentencing. The governor believed life without parole would be the more appropriate sentence.

History of Misconduct in Oklahoma County

Five death-row prisoners wrongfully convicted In Oklahoma County in the 1980s and 1990s during the administration of former District Attorney “Cowboy” Bob Macy have been exonerated — the fourth most of any county in the U.S. Macy sent 54 people to death row during a 21-year tenure as District Attorney that was marked by prosecutorial misconduct.

23 of Macy’s capital convictions relied heavily on the testimony of disgraced police chemist Joyce Gilchrist, who an FBI investigation in 2001 concluded had offered testimony “that went beyond the acceptable limits of science.” An internal police investigation found that evidence in many of Gilchrist’s major cases was missing, along with three years of her blood analysis files. In the case of Curtis McCarty, Gilchrist falsely testified that hairs found at the crime scene matched McCarty’s and that his blood type matched the semen found on the victim’s body. A later investigation revealed that Gilchrist had altered her notes to implicate McCarty and that the hairs she had tested were missing. McCarty was exonerated in 2007 after independent DNA testing excluded him as a suspect. Almost half of the 23 people who were sentenced to death in trials in which Gilchrist testified were executed before their cases could be reviewed.

Current Oklahoma County death-row prisoners Julius Jones and Richard Glossip, also prosecuted during the Macy administration, face execution despite strong evidence of innocence. Glossip was sentenced to death for the 1996 murder of motel operator Barry Van Treese. No physical evidence linked Glossip to the murder, and the only evidence implicating him came from the multiple conflicting stories of the actual killer, Justin Sneed, a 19-year-old methamphetamine addict who was spared the death penalty in exchange for testifying that Glossip had offered to pay him to kill Van Treese. Jones, who has twice received recommendations for clemency by the Oklahoma Board of Pardon and Parole based on doubts as to his guilt, faces a November 18, 2021 execution date. He alleges that a combination of racial bias, poor representation, and false informant testimony led to him being sentenced to death for a crime he did not commit.

Other Interesting Facts

In the modern era (since 1976), Oklahoma has the highest number of executions per capita.

Oklahoma was the first state and the first jurisdiction in the world to adopt lethal injection as its method of execution in 1977. On December 16, 2010, Oklahoma became the first American state to use pentobarbital in the execution of John David Duty.

In 2015, Oklahoma became the first state to authorize execution by nitrogen hypoxia, although it has yet to develop a protocol for carrying out gas executions.

Old Maid's Head. Photo by NSBP.
Old Maid’s Head. Photo by NSBP.

Resources

  • Department of Corrections
  • Oklahoma Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty
  • District Attorneys Council
  • Public defender’s office
  • Victims’ services

Oklahoma Execution Totals Since 1976

News & Developments


Mental Illness

Feb 27, 2023

Former Oklahoma Corrections Officials Criticize ​“Relentless Pace of Executions”

In a let­ter to Oklahoma Attorney General Gentner Drummond, dat­ed January 13, 2023, nine for­mer Oklahoma Department of Corrections (ODOC) offi­cials called atten­tion to the trau­ma expe­ri­enced by prison staff from repeat­ed exe­cu­tions. The ​“relent­less…

Former Oklahoma Corrections Officials Criticize “Relentless Pace of Executions”

Innocence

Jan 27, 2023

Oklahoma Attorney General Appoints Special Counsel to Conduct ​‘Thorough Review’ of Richard Glossip’s Case

Oklahoma Attorney General Gentner Drummond has appoint­ed a spe­cial coun­sel to con­duct a ​‘thor­ough review’ of the case of death-row pris­on­er Richard Glossip, who has faced nine exe­cu­tion dates despite strong evide…

Oklahoma Attorney General Appoints Special Counsel to Conduct ‘Thorough Review’ of Richard Glossip’s Case

Upcoming Executions

Jan 24, 2023

Oklahoma Court Grants Attorney General’s Motion to Slow State’s Execution Spree

The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals (OCCA) has reset the state’s exe­cu­tion sched­ule, slow­ing down the pace at which the 25-per­son exe­cu­tion spree it autho­rized in July 2022 would move for­ward. The order, issued January…

Oklahoma Court Grants Attorney General’s Motion to Slow State’s Execution Spree

Jan 12, 2023

Oklahoma Carries Out First of 11 Executions Scheduled for 2023

Oklahoma has car­ried out the first of eleven exe­cu­tions sched­uled for 2023, admin­is­ter­ing a lethal injec­tion to death-row pris­on­er Scott Eizember on January 12. The exe­cu­tion was a con­tin­u­a­tion of a 

Oklahoma Carries Out First of 11 Executions Scheduled for 2023

Lethal Injection

Dec 19, 2022

Mississippi Executes Thomas Loden, As John Hanson, Gerald Pizzuto Death Warrants Expire

The three final exe­cu­tions sched­uled in 2022 high­light­ed broad­er trends in the year’s exe­cu­tions — the exe­cu­tion of vul­ner­a­ble defen­dants, unavail­abil­i­ty of lethal-injec­tion drugs, and the sched­ul­ing of exe­cu­tions with­out regard for the abil­i­ty to…

Mississippi Executes Thomas Loden, As John Hanson, Gerald Pizzuto Death Warrants Expire

History of the Death Penalty

Dec 07, 2022

As Lethal Injection Turns Forty, States Botch a Record Number of Executions

On December 7, 1982, Texas strapped Charles Brooks to a gur­ney, insert­ed an intra­venous line into his arm, and inject­ed a lethal dose of sodi­um thiopen­tal into his veins, launch­ing the lethal-injec­tion era of American exe­cu­tions. In the precisely …

As Lethal Injection Turns Forty, States Botch a Record Number of Executions

Public Opinion

Dec 06, 2022

Midterm Elections: Moratorium Supporters, Reform Prosecutors Post Gains Despite Massive Campaign Efforts to Tie Reformers to Surge in Violent Crime

In a year that fea­tured mas­sive cam­paign adver­tis­ing attempt­ing to por­tray legal reform­ers as respon­si­ble for increas­es in vio­lent crime, can­di­dates com­mit­ted to crim­i­nal legal reform or who promised to con­tin­ue statewide mora­to­ria on exe­cu­tions p…

Midterm Elections: Moratorium Supporters, Reform Prosecutors Post Gains Despite Massive Campaign Efforts to Tie Reformers to Surge in Violent Crime

Innocence

Nov 21, 2022

Oklahoma Pushes Back Clemency Hearings, Changing Execution Timelines

Oklahoma has pushed back the clemen­cy hear­ings of two men on death row, John Hanson and Richard Glossip (pic­tured). Glossip’s exe­cu­tion date was also moved back, and Hanson’s exe­cu­tion date will like­ly have to be changed. Both men were sched­uled t…

Oklahoma Pushes Back Clemency Hearings, Changing Execution Timelines

Upcoming Executions

Nov 14, 2022

Week of Four Scheduled Executions Highlights Continued Concerns With the Use of the Death Penalty

The four exe­cu­tions sched­uled for the week of November 17th high­light cur­rent trends in exe­cu­tions and death sen­tenc­ing and the con­tin­ued use of the death penal­ty against vul­ner­a­ble pop­u­la­tions. The pris­on­ers sched­uled to be exe­cut­ed by four state…

Week of Four Scheduled Executions Highlights Continued Concerns With the Use of the Death Penalty

Innocence

Nov 04, 2022

Richard Glossip Execution Halted for a Seventh Time

Oklahoma has once again put off the exe­cu­tion of Richard Glossip, the sev­enth time his pend­ing exe­cu­tion has been stayed or reprieved. On November 2, 2022, Governor Kevin Stitt issued a 

Richard Glossip Execution Halted for a Seventh Time
View More

View Information by State

Additional Information


  • Death Penalty: Yes
  • Number of Executions Since 1976: 116 state executions, 1 federal execution
  • Number of Executions Before 1976 (may include federal and military executions): 132
  • Current Death Row Population: 42
  • Women on Death Row: 1
  • Number of Innocent People Freed From Death Row: 10
  • Number of Clemencies Granted: 4
  • Date of Reinstatement (following Furman v. Georgia): May 17, 1973
  • First Execution After Reinstatement: 1990
  • Location of Death Row (Men): Oklahoma State Penitentiary, McAlester
  • Location of Death Row (Women): McLoud
  • Location of Executions: Oklahoma State Penitentiary, McAlester
  • Capital: Oklahoma City
  • Region: South
  • Population: 3,959,353*
  • Murder Rate (per 100,000 population): 6.72
  • Is Life Without Parole an Option?: Yes
  • Can a defendant get death for a felony in which s/he was not responsible for the murder?: Yes
  • Method of Execution: Injection; electrocution or firing squad if injection deemed unconstitutional
  • How is Sentence Determined?: Jury
  • Clemency Process: Governor has authority to grant clemency if the Board of Pardons and Paroles advises it
  • Governor: Kevin Stitt

Join our mailing list

Death Penalty Information Center
  • Email
  • Facebook
  • Twitter
Policy Issues
  • Arbitrariness
  • Costs
  • Deterrence
  • Innocence
  • Intellectual Disability
  • Juveniles
  • International
  • Mental Illness
  • Prosecutorial Accountability
  • Race
  • Representation
  • Sentencing Alternatives
  • Victims' Families
Facts & Research
  • Fact Sheet
  • Death Penalty Census
  • Clemency
  • Crimes Punishable by Death
  • DPIC Reports
  • History of the Death Penalty
  • Innocence Database
  • Murder Rates
  • Public Opinion
  • Recent Legislative Activity
  • Religion
  • Sentencing Data
  • Student Research Center
  • United States Supreme Court
Executions
  • Executions Overview
  • Upcoming Executions
  • Execution Database
  • Methods of Execution
  • Botched Executions
  • Lethal Injection
Death Row
  • Death Row Overview
  • Conditions on Death Row
  • Foreign Nationals
  • Native Americans
  • Time on Death Row
  • Women
State & Federal Info
  • State by State
  • Federal Death Penalty
  • Military
About
  • About Us
  • Staff & Board of Directors
  • DPIC in the Media
  • DPIC Testimony
  • Press Releases
  • Work for DPIC
For the Media
Resources
  • Related Websites
  • Publications & Testimony
  • DPIC Podcasts
  • DPIC Reports
  • New Voices
  • En Español
For Educators
Fact Sheet
Donate

Death Penalty Information Center | 1701 K Street NW Suite 205 Washington, DC 20006

Phone: 202-289-2275 | Email: [email protected]

Privacy Policy | ©2023 Death Penalty Information Center