Beginning October 10th, and then over the next eight days, six people are scheduled to be executed by lethal injection in six different states. Already this year, there have been 34 executions in nine states. While the concentration of so many executions in such a short period will certainly attract attention, the number is not the headline. These cases highlight important issues that are true whenever and wherever there are executions.
First, even at this late stage, no execution is a foregone conclusion. Each of these six men have a right to challenge their executions, and many still have credible legal claims pending before state and federal courts. Their claims include (1) objections to the method of execution (over 7% of lethal injection executions have been botched); (2) challenges to the execution of elderly prisoners; (3) jury bias; (4) misdiagnosed mental illness; (5) defense counsel so ineffective they told a jury their client wanted a death sentence; and (6) actual innocence. While the legal system ordinarily requires that these issue be resolved before anyone is executed, it is also true that political pressures and personal agendas of elected officials often influence the timing and outcomes of cases as much as the law or facts of any case.
Second, data confirm that factors such as race, poverty, geography, and — now more than ever — politics, continue to influence and determine who is sentenced to death and executed. Samuel Smithers is scheduled to be executed on October 14, 2025, making him the 14th person set for execution in Florida. Governor Ron DeSantis has scheduled and overseen more executions in a single year than any previous Florida governor, while also refusing to provide any public rationale for his decisions. Florida is one of only two states (along with Pennsylvania) that gives the governor sole authority to set execution dates.
Third, there is no evidence that the public agrees with the enormous investment of government resources needed to carry out executions. Polls have marked a steady march away from use of the death penalty over the past few decades. Public opposition to the death penalty has more than tripled in the last three decades, including among a majority of young adults age 18 to 43. The coming week’s executions reflect the decisions of juries from decades earlier, at a time when support for and use of the death penalty was much higher. Today’s juries are far more likely to return a sentence less than death: new death sentences have declined more than 90% from a peak of 316 in 1986.
Finally, these and all executions also raise concerns about secrecy and cost. Fifteen years ago, some drug companies refused to sell their products to prisons for use in executions. States have since then been experimented with new drugs and different drug combinations to carry out executions, resulting in some prolonged executions in which prisoners exhibited symptoms of pain and distress. The difficulty obtaining some drugs for lethal injection has also driven up the cost; many states have chosen to hide the sources of the drugs they purchase, making it impossible to assess their reliability and efficacy. Three quarters of the states still actively using the death penalty refuse to share publicly their execution procedures and processes.
A brief description of each of the people scheduled for execution over the next eight days and some of the legal claims they have asserted can be found below.
Roy Lee Ward is scheduled to be executed by the state of Indiana before sunrise on October 10, 2025. Mr. Ward had petitioned for a stay of execution after witnesses observed that the last person executed in Indiana — Benjamin Ritchie on May 20, 2025 – sat up and shook violently in pain during his execution; Mr. Ward dropped those claims on October 8, 2025. Mr. Ward’s attorneys have also argued in past filings that he was mischaracterized at trial and on appeal as a remorseless psychopath, when a proper diagnosis would have instead revealed his autism. According to his attorneys, “Roy has feelings, and he himself has recognized that he has disabilities and issues that he wanted help for.”
Lance C. Shockley is scheduled to be executed by the state of Missouri at 6:00 pm CDT on October 14, 2025. At trial, Mr. Shockley’s jury foreman was removed before the sentencing phase based on evidence of serious bias — but Mr. Shockley’s attorney declined the opportunity to question the foreman or other jurors about the misconduct, and his conviction, which the foreman participated in, was allowed to stand. Mr. Shockley tried to appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court, but the Court declined to hear the appeal. In their dissent, Justices Sonia Sotomayor and Ketanji Brown Jackson highlighted the severity of Mr. Shockley’s attorney’s failure to vindicate his client’s legal rights. “It is difficult to see how an attorney’s decision not to call witnesses in support of a credible mistrial motion, when invited to do so by the presiding judge in a capital murder trial, could fail to constitute ineffective assistance of counsel,” said Justice Sotomayor. Additionally, after the jury failed to reach a unanimous decision during the penalty phase of his trial, the judge in his case imposed a death sentence, a procedure authorized in only two states. According to a recent poll conducted by Nicholas Scurich, professor and chair of psychology at the University of California, Irvine, 65 percent of Missouri voters believe Missouri Governor Mike Kehoe should commute Mr. Shockley’s death sentence to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Mr. Shockley also maintains he is innocent.
Samuel Lee Smithers is scheduled to be executed by the state of Florida at 6:00 pm EDT on October 14, 2025. Attorneys for Mr. Smithers, who is 72 years old, claim that executing an elderly person violates both Florida and the U.S. Constitutions’ prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment and fails to meet any valid penological justification. On October 7, 2025, the Florida Supreme Court declined to consider this claim.
Charles Ray Crawford is scheduled to be executed by the state of Mississippi at 6:00 pm CDT on October 15, 2025. Mr. Crawford is currently appealing his case to the U.S. Supreme Court after having lost an appeal to the Mississippi Supreme Court earlier this year. Among the claims that he is raising are that his trial attorney entered a guilty plea without his consent and that he pursued an insanity defense over Mr. Crawford’s objections. In filings with the Mississippi Supreme Court, Mr. Crawford’s current attorneys cite to his trial transcript, where his trial attorney referred to Mr. Crawford as a “monster” in open court and told the jury his client “wants the death penalty.” In a statement released in the wake of the Mississippi Supreme Court’s September 12, 2025, refusal to hear Mr. Crawford’s case, his current attorneys commented, “A trial like Mr. Crawford’s – one where counsel concedes guilt over his client’s express wishes – is essentially no trial at all.”
Robert Roberson is scheduled to be executed by the state of Texas at 6:00 pm CDT on October 16, 2025. His attorneys filed a Notice of New Evidence with the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals on October 6, 2025, bringing to light new evidence uncovered by NBC’s “Dateline” podcast[RM1] to further substantiate a pending judicial misconduct claim in his case. Mr. Roberson has been on death row for over twenty years, despite strong evidence of his actual innocence.
Richard Djerf is scheduled to be executed by the state of Arizona at 10:00 am MST on October 17, 2025. Mr. Djerf has said that he no longer wishes to prevent his execution. In a hand written note released on September 8, 2025, Mr. Djerf also said he would not seek relief from the state’s clemency board. “If I can’t find reason to spare my life, what reason would anyone else have?” he wrote. “I hope my death brings some measure of peace.”
Alexandra Kukulka, Death row inmate will be executed Friday at state prison in Michigan City, Post-Tribune, Oct. 6, 2025; Indiana Parole Board hears emotional testimony about Roy Lee Ward’s scheduled execution, WTHR, Sept. 22, 2025; Rich Nye, Indiana Parole Board recommends Roy Ward’s clemency request be denied ahead of scheduled execution, WHTR, Sept. 22, 2025; Casey Smith, State executes death row inmate Benjamin Ritchie for fatal shooting of police officer: Attorney witness reports violent twitching before death, Indiana Capital Chronical, May 20, 2025; Missouri voters show strong bipartisan support for clemency in Lance Shockley death penalty case, University of California Irvine, https://socialecology.uci.edu/news/missouri-voters-show-strong-bipartisan-support-clemency-lance-shockley-death-penalty-case, last visited on Oct. 7, 2025; Jacques Billeaud, Arizona prisoner set to be executed apologizes, says he won’t seek clemency, Associated Press, Sept. 18, 2025; Casey Smith, Roy Ward drops final legal challenges, clearing way for Indiana’s second execution this year, Indiana Capital Chronical, Oct. 8, 2025; Laura Kosta, A shoe repairman with a ‘servant’s heart’, St. Louise Review, Sept. 25, 2025.